I have been involved in debates in scientific journals concerning the classification of Cannabis sativa for almost a half century. Its variation pattern is by no means more complex than posed by thousands of other plant species, which usually receive just a paragraph of mention in the literature. However, because it is the world’s most controversial plant, C. Sativa has attracted very widespread interest, not only by scientists but indeed by the public, who regrettably have been confused by its classification and nomenclature. Even in recent scientific publications there is frequent misunderstand about names applied to forms of C. The issues are not merely academic, since appropriate classification is the means by which certain biotypes are authorized for industrial and medical purposes, or subject to civil and criminal penalties. Accordingly, the evolutionary classification of C.

Sativais very important, and I am very grateful to the editors of Botanical Review for having.

Marijuana is harvested from the plant Cannabis sativa and composed of 400 lipophilic chemical compounds, including phytocannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. 13 The plant contains compounds termed “cannabinoids.” Two of these derivatives in particular are responsible for most of the effects of marijuana: cannabinoid delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Download eyeshield 21 full episode sub indo. As legalization of medical cannabis has become more prevalent, the use of medical cannabis is increasing, especially as patients and the health care community become more actively engaged in the dialogue. This increased use makes it critical to understand the scientific, quality, and public health issues surrounding medical cannabis (12).

Traditional tinctures of Cannabis sativa L. Became obsolete before elucidation of the main cannabinoids and routine quality testing for medicines. In view of increasing medicinal use of cannabinoids and associated safety concerns, tinctures from a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-type chemovar were studied. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC/DAD) was used to determine THC, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannflavin A/B, and total phenolics. Derived group and ratio markers describe absolute and relative profiles when varying plant part (flos, folium), extraction solvent (EtOH percentage), storage conditions (‘shelf’ or ‘fridge’ up to 15 months), and pasteurization (2 h 70 °C, 20 min 80 °C).

Tinctures from female flowering tops contained ten-fold more cannabinoids than tinctures from leaves; tinctures (80%–90% EtOH) contained ten-fold more cannabinoids than tinctures (40% EtOH). The analysis of CBGA + CBG, the main co-cannabinoids aside from THCA + THC, appears more relevant than CBDA + CBD. The decarboxylation of THCA to THC—the main change during storage of freshly prepared tinctures—is after 15 months in the ‘fridge’ comparable to 3 months on the ‘shelf’.

Minimally increased CBN totals did not correlate to diminished totals of THCA and THC (up to 15% after 3 months ‘shelf’, 45% after 15 months ‘fridge’). Instead, total cannabinoids or acidic/neutral cannabinoid ratios are better stability markers. Moderate changes after pasteurization and partial losses below 10% for total cannabinoids after 9 months ‘fridge’ indicate possibilities for a reasonable shelf life. Yet storage and use of non-stabilized tinctures remain critical without authorized specification and stability data because a consistent cannabinoid content is not guaranteed.